Macbeth Mental Illness Paper - 1012 Words

In Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth both show signs of what would today be diagnosed as symptoms of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is defined as â€Å"long-term mental disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior, leading to faulty perception, inappropriate actions and feelings, withdrawal from reality and personal relationships into fantasy and delusion, and a sense of mental fragmentation†. There are three major symptoms of this disorder: not knowing the difference between reality and fantasy, jumbled conversations, and withdrawal physically and emotionally. The most common and most well known symptom of schizophrenics is when they can’t make out what is real and what isn’t.†¦show more content†¦Or, another cause of the schizophrenia could possibly be their passion.They stove so hard to make Macbeth king that they became totally obsessed with it. It became all the thought about and their everything revolved around it. When Lady Macbeth finds that Macbeth has been prophesized to be king, she doesn’t believe he is capable of fufilling the prophecy alone. So, she says to herseld, â€Å"hie thee hither, that I may pour my spirits in thine ear, and chastise with the valor of my tounge which fate and metaphysical aid doth seem to have thee crowned withal.† (Act 1, scene 5, lines 23-28) Macbeth becomes so passionate about becoming king that he killed anyone who could possibly take the throne away from him, even King Duncan. â€Å" I have done the deed†, he said to his wife after killing him. (Act 2, Scene 4, line 14) Macbeth shows several symptoms of schizophrenia. These symptoms are techniques that Shakespeare uses to create the idea that Macbeth actually has a mental illness. Macbeth’s main symptom is detachment from reality. While contemplating killing Banquo to secure his fate, Macbeth begins to see an imaginary dagger in front of him. He asks, â€Å"Art thou not, fatal vision sensible to feeling as to sight, or art thou a dagger of the mind, a false creation, proceeding from the heat-opposed brain?† (Act 2, Scene 2, lines 35-39). Then after Banquo is dead, Macbeth believe he sees his ghost during dinner with the county’s nobility. Macbeth says, â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedMacbeth Mental Essay1536 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth Research Paper Dontee L. Sessoms 3rd period Macbeth With anger, illusions, stress and so much more I will analyze Macbeth and lady Macbeth for their problems and disorders. In my research I will decipher between certain diseases such as bipolar disease, anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive, panic disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, stress disorder, borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, sleeping disorder, and paranoia to see exactly which one ofRead MoreSexual Frustration as the Root of Evil Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesemerge in the characters in Macbeth. In Freud’s book, Civilization and its discontents, he takes the premise even farther by correlating severe sexual frustration with the onset of psychoses. In regard to Macbeth, I believe that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth portray this spiral into psychosis as a result of their frustration. We can prove this by first looking at the ideologies of Freud, and then relating it to the downfall of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Freud was both a medicalRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for power, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his deathRead MoreThe Change in Psychological Behavior in Act 2 Scene 2 of Macbeth1450 Words   |  6 Pages In Shakespeare’s, Macbeth Act 2 Scene 2 is a crucial part of the play, because of the off staging of Duncan’s murder shifts the focus onto Lady Macbeth and Macbeth, as well as revealing the psychological behavioral changes and how the scene affected these two characters. The scene eventually leads to the deterioration of Lady Macbeth and Macbeth. In this scene Macbeth kills Duncan and almost immediately after the deed is done, he starts to develop a guilty conscience. Also throughoutRead MoreThe Decision Making Process For Patient Care1514 Words   |  7 PagesAs psychologists, we are not degreed Witch Doctors. Although there are segments of the population that think we are. ‘Clinical Expertise’ – By: Geoffrey M. Reed: The main thrust of Reed’s position paper is a discussion concerning ‘Evidence Based Practice’ (EBP), viewed by those in the psychology field as a three legged stool, consisting of the integration of: ‘Clinical Expertise’; ‘Patient Values’; and ‘Best Research Evidence’. All of which are incorporated into the decision making processRead MoreIllusion Vs Reality – The Causticity of Illusion Essay1903 Words   |  8 Pagespeople around them, are often atrocious. The theme of illusion versus reality is excessively demonstrated in Macbeth, a play written by William Shakespeare, and also in The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller. In both plays, the characters that lived illusive lives ultimately ended up leaving behind a trail of ignominy, grief, and death. In Macbeth, it is Macbeth and Lady Macbeth who consistently misinterpret reality as a world that accommodates their malevolent desires. In The CrucibleRead Mor eEssay about A Freudian Perspective of Shakespeares Macbeth2612 Words   |  11 PagesMacbeth:   A Freudian Perspective   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Macbeth and Lady Macbeth   We may take as an example of a person who collapses on reaching success, after striving for it with single-minded energy, the figure of Shakespeares Lady Macbeth. Beforehand there is no hesitation, no sign of any internal conflict in her, no endeavour but that of overcoming the scruples of her ambitious and yet tender-minded husband. She is ready to sacrifice even her womanliness to her murderous intention, without reflectingRead Moreshakespeare influences16068 Words   |  65 PagesQUESTION 5. SIGNIFICANCE AND RATIONALE 6. ANALYSIS 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. ABSTRACT This thesis analysis the textual and symbolic similarities between Shakespeare s tragedies Macbeth and Hamlet and William Faulkner s the sound and the furry and Absalom, Absalom!. Faulkner absorbed essential characteristics of Shakespearean tragedies and utilized them consciously and unconsciously in the creation of his own tragic figures. ComparisonRead MoreCharacter Makes Fate3857 Words   |  16 PagesIntroduction Macbeth is the last of the four tragedies written by Shakespeare. Shakespeare depicts how Macbeth, who was once a powerful hero, sinks into a tyrant bringing calamity to the country and people. That reflected his individual ambition and lust for power, which destroyed human nature and showed us the essence of anti-humanity caused by the extreme individualism. There exists inner certainty in Macbeth’s tragedy, which is the ambitious desire, the sense of guilty for vicious circle andRead MoreThe Witch Trail Of The Salem Witch Trails1529 Words   |  7 Pages At the word witch, we imagine the horrible old crones from Macbeth. But the cruel trials witches suffered teach us the opposite. Many perished precisely because they were young and beautiful. - Andrà © Breton In 17th-century Colonial America, contact with the supernatural was considered part of everyday life; many people believed that evil spirits were present and active on Earth. This superstition emerged 15th century Europe and spread with the colonization of North American puritan colonies

Racism and Sexism in Education - 1166 Words

Race, as defined in The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology, as involving the following issues: cultural differences between groups can be explained wholly by reference to genetic differences, and that social inequalities between ethnic groups are genetic in origin; the study of structures which produce and maintain racism and racial hatred; the study of the interaction between social class and ethnicity in social stratification, giving rise to both vertical and horizontal segments in the social structure of societies; the sociological analysis of how these issues have contributed to the specific features of social stratification in contemporary societies. Despite the importance of these empirical studies, it is argued that, in order to†¦show more content†¦Rothenberg realizes that race also affects privilege. While at a New Year’s Eve party Rothenberg notices that she was the only white person. â€Å"White people carry their privilege wherever they go; I knew my minori ty status was only temporary.†(91). On pages 94 and 95, Rothenberg talks about how â€Å"right and wrong are defined by the behavior of those with social and economic clout, the right gender, the right skin color. When those people do things, they become right or are judged differently than when identical acts are committed by people with a lower socioeconomic status.†(94). There was a study that compared the behavior of two groups of teenage boys: one group consisted of high school students from an affluent white suburban school and the other consisted of boys in a juvenile detention home who were for the most part were poor or non-white. The conclusion showed that both groups had committed the same kinds of law breaking with the same frequency. â€Å"Whether they found themselves in class at seventeen or doing time seemed to be entirely a matter of their class and/ or race.†(95). This is shocking because, as Rothenberg says, â€Å"so much of what we are taught makes race, class and gender privilege invisible or actively teaches students not to use these forms of oppression as categories for analyzing experience.Show MoreRelatedThemes Of Hidden Figures Directed By Theodore Melfi995 Words   |  4 Pagesthemes of racism and sexism in America during the 1960’s. These themes expresses Theodore Melfi’s intention of this film is displaying that sexism and racism is hard to abolish. Melfi uses visual and verbal features of dialogue, costume and symbolism to contribute to the director’s intention. A verbal feature Melfi uses to show the themes of sexism and racism is dialogue. This use of this verbal feature helps establish Theodore Melfi’s true intention for this film that sexism and racism is hard toRead MoreBlack Feminist1005 Words   |  5 PagesDictionary, Black Feminist can be defined as a movement consisting of African American women advocating social, political, legal, and economic rights for women equal to those of men (Oxford English Press). Black feminism argues that sexism, social class oppression, and racism are inseparably bound together (Collins). The feminist movement has been around since the 1880s when the word â€Å"Feminism† appeared in the French language (Collins). The word found traction in Britain in the 1890s, and the United StatesRead MoreRacism, Sexism and Socioeconomic Prejudice in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird828 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent types of prejudice. The three that are most current in the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee are racism, sexism and socioeconomic prejudice. Racism is a big problem in many people’s lives. Throughout history, many groups and cultures have been significantly affected by racism. African Americans are an example of a group of people who have suffered the effects of racism. In 1867 the â€Å"Ku Klux Klan, was founded as a secret organization terrorized the African Americans and the blackRead MoreAndrew Campbell s The Power Of Myth861 Words   |  4 Pagesfifty years, racism, sexism, homophobia, and many other types of prejudice have been challenged in the effort to create a civil and unbiased national community. However, despite the prodigious movements that have been at work for quite some time, each of these issues and many more still stand and exist today. I agree with Joseph Campbell’s â€Å"The Power of Myth.† Campbell’s stance applies to the issues of present day political ethics concerning human rights, more specifically, racism, sexism, and homophobiaRead MoreFeminism, Performative, And G ay Outlooks918 Words   |  4 Pagesconstraints led us to focus on the three areas of feminism, performative, and gay outlooks. Bewitched presents stereotypes that are present with women. Samantha does have access to get an education and stays at home. She cannot make a living outside the home because of her gender. This is referred to as sexism because the presumed sexual identity of Samantha is to be a loving housewife and not a witch. Darrin feels weird about Samantha’s witchcraft because as a man, he has a different role in societyRead MoreThe Power of Unintentional Discrimination Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesRacism and sexism are both examples of discrimination that happen daily in contemporary society. Unfortunatel many instances of discrimination go unnoticed and unchecked because the society, more specifically the United States, is supposedly past the era of discriminatory practices in work, education and day to day living. In fact, racism and sexism can be unint entional as well as intentional and good people who mean well can inadvertently say things that are racist and sexist and homophobic (RothenbergRead MoreThe Psychology Behind Prejudice : Humans Attitude1089 Words   |  5 Pagesresources to survive in which we get from the planet that connects all of our live together (Angier, 1996). Benevolent sexism refers to the belief that women are affectionate, delicate, and sensitive (Glick et al., 2000; Frye, 1983). Although such belief may seem as if it is positive thinking towards women, research shows that benevolent sexism is just as oppressive as any other type of sexism, and contributes to gender inequality (Glick Fiske, 2001). One who has benevolent sexist beliefs may see womenRead MoreSexism And Racism Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesAllison Price English 3 12 August 2017 MLA Sexism and Racism within the American Judicial System There is blatant sexism and racism within the American Judicial System shown by a lack of convictions and inconsistent sentencing. Despite many small steps forward towards equality, injustice and systemic racism still find their way into the cases and verdicts we hear on the news every day. The battle for racial and gender equality is a fight that’s been fought diligently for centuries and while stepsRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1321 Words   |  6 Pagesmobility, until around the Civil Rights era. Along with racism and the delusion of White Superiority, African Americans living in the U.S.A. struggled just to survive. This eliminated the hope of reform, a better life for their children, dreams of becoming a self-made man, and consequently owning a home. Unfortunately, these racists sentiments still linger today. On the other side, women have also greatly struggled with accomplishing their dreams. Sexism crushed their dreams of independent upward mobilityRead More`` Sula `` : Themes Of Racism And Sexism1657 Words   |  7 PagesDate Word Count Racism and Sexism Throughout Toni Morrison’s novel, Sula, The two themes of racism and sexism are introduced. â€Å"The Bottom† is the African American society of which the novel is based off of. The town, itself, seems to even be a symbol of racism since it was only established because of an act of racism. The people in â€Å"The Bottom† are subjected to racism on a daily basis, however throughout the novel it becomes clear that even they because racist as well. The racism shown in the comments

My Choice for My Future Career Free Essays

Name: My NGUYEN Instructor: Mr. Voeller Class: ESOL 0051 Date: April 3rd, 2012. Final draft My choice for my future career Today the economic crisis continuously affects the life of everyone in the United States, especially young adults who have just graduated from high school and prepared for independent life. We will write a custom essay sample on My Choice for My Future Career or any similar topic only for you Order Now So the most important question for every youngster is which career he or she wants to do with his or her life. It is important because if our choices are wrong, we will waste our money, our time, and maybe our mental and physical health. However, we might not know if the path we chose will be the correct one until later in life. Right now I am confident in my decision of becoming a pharmacist for the three reasons below. First and foremost, we must have a passion for and an interest in our career because we will work in our field every day. In this case, as a pharmacist, we must have a strong interest in health care, science and especially chemistry (Bolster, Brynildssen, Cohen, and co-writers 676). My interest in chemistry began when I was in tenth grade, the Royal Australian Chemical Institute and my school held a Chemistry Exam for all of students in my grade. My classmates and I studied and prepared a lot for this exam because we heard that the awards would be a scholarship to study abroad in Australia. However, when studying for the exam, I was actually interested in chemistry myself. So, although for this exam I only got the bronze medal but the knowledge that I gained from this experience was priceless. When I did the research for this exam, I realized that many discoveries in chemistry would be used in medicine to prevent or to cure human diseases. For example, I respected Marie Curie, the female scientist who discovered the element radium. That element is used in X-Ray to diagnose diseases; in Radiotherapy, a treatment method using in Oncology; and in Radiopharmacy, â€Å"the use of radioactive drugs for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose† (Bolster, Brynildssen, Cohen, and co-writers 674). At that time I hoped that I would have many chances in the future to study more about chemistry and how it is applied in health care. In this Chemistry exam, I had a lab session so my friends and I had some hours to practice in lab with our instructor. I was excited with every lecture and lab session. I liked to practice in lab, and see the chemical reactions. I had some memorable experience in chemistry lab, such as creating a small explosion when combining some chemicals together; and burning my hand when pouring a liquid too fast. My chemistry teacher said that if I liked to study chemistry and find information about this field then I would become a chemist or a pharmacist. â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-2011 Edition, Pharmacist† indicated that compounding or mixing of chemical ingredients to form medications is a part of a pharmacist’s practice. This is another reason why pharmacist is a best choice for my future career. Second, my future career choice is right because I realize that I have some qualifications that are suitable for a pharmacist. For example, from an experience of my childhood time, I knew that to become a pharmacist I must be a kind person. Furthermore, as any other health care career, I had to care for my patients as for members in my family, and to communicate well to interact with patients and co-workers. When I was six years old, I was weak and sick all the time. One time when I was hospitalized because of high fever and shortness of breath, and the medical staff in the Children Hospital influenced my dream career. They were my nurse, my doctor and my pharmacist. They did their best to help me get better. They talked to me and my parents about my disease and how to cure it. They made me feel more confident in my recovery. I cannot forger my pharmacist. She talked to me like my mother: â€Å"Honey, try to take your pills and drink more milk. You will get better and become a beautiful girl. You must be strong to study well and help any kids like you right now. † Since then, I have always thought about how and what I could do to help ill people. When playing with my sibling and my friends, I liked to play a role as a doctor. Every time my parents were ill, I was worried. I wanted to study clearly every disease that my parents had and to take care of them more closely. Whenever my school planned any field trip to nursing home, I was always the first one to raise a hand up to participate. Last but not least, I know my choice for my future career is right because I have a role model who is a pharmacist. She is a successful woman in her career and in life and is respected by almost all of my neighbors. She is Tran, a pharmacist and a professor of the College of Pharmacy in my city. I have known Mrs. Tran since I was a child, my mother used to take me to her pharmacy store together to buy medicine. One time, my father had an accident and suffered a severe back pain. This symptom became chronic and attacked my father when he worked long hours. I went to Mrs. Tran’s pharmacy with my father and I got information about a pharmacist’s job. She consulted my father how to use these drugs safely and effectively. Besides using drugs, she gave more advice and useful information to my father to relieve the pain. She talked about the right working positions to avoid backache, and also exercises like swimming and riding bicycle would be helpful for back muscles to become stronger to prevent back pain. In addition, she said that some drugs might cause stomach discomfort and should be taken with full stomach. My father got better after a few weeks using these medicines and also took her advice on trying to do these exercises. He recovered almost totally so that my father and my family appreciated Mrs. Tran a lot. Furthermore, I knew that Mrs. Tran has helped many patients in my neighbor like my father. She has held group education every weekend at our community center to provide information and free medicine for poor residents. She was not only my family pharmacist but also my older friend. When I had any questions about health or medicines, she always explained clearly by an easy way and showed me how and where to get information when she was as my age. Since then, I have respected her a lot, and promised myself to study hard to become a good pharmacist like her. As time went by, when I graduated high school and prepared to choose major in college, I met her and we discussed some points about career outlooks. I was encouraged to get my dream career. Every career has its own obstacle but when I worked hard and attempt my dream career which could help people by myself, it would be worthy. Furthermore, â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-2011 Edition, Pharmacist† showed that employment in my career was expected to increase faster than the average. All of these things made me decide more confidently. In conclusion, right now I am walking on my path to my future step by step and I am self-confident with my job because my awareness of my life goal. In a session I have attended about how to become a successful student in my College, professor Hermes T. Cervantes said, â€Å"Life was choices and you must be responsible with your choices. And to be successful in life a student should choose â€Å"the sure way† in order to â€Å"the fast way† when you got decision in any problem, especially choosing your career. † Works Cited Bolster, Carole et al: Exploring Health Care Careers. Chicago: Ferguson Publising Company, 2002. Print. Jordan, David: â€Å"Careers with the Pharmaceutical Industry†. London: John Wiley Sons Ltd, 2003. Print. U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics: â€Å"Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2010-11 Edition, Pharmacists†. Web http://data. bls. gov/cgi-bin/print. pl/oco/ocos079. htm. March 6, 2012. How to cite My Choice for My Future Career, Papers

Business Models and Technological Innovation

Question: Discuss about the Business Models and Technological Innovation. Answer: Business model is defined as the abstract presentation of a companys way of working. The model is a comprehensive layout about how the company operates in the market, sells its products, generates revenue and maximises its capital. Business models are primarily related to entrepreneurial firms like Google and show how these firm captures market opportunities and create value. Today business models include technology and show how companies use it to create economic value (Chesbrough, 2013). Innovation is a very important aspect of business models and has evolved has the stimulus which stimulates the organisations to continuously manage their models to adjust to the market conditions. Business models are designed to embrace the entire business system of an organisation. The companies earlier conceived business models as pipes which showed how they produced goods and sold them to consumers (Aithal Jeevan, 2016). This model worked just like pipe carrying water but did not include other important aspects like innovation, organisational culture or future strategies. The platform model as used in present international companies like Apple is based on a technology driven platform which acts like a market. The digital platform help the buyers meet the seller and also stores the information about the transactions for future use (Van, Parker Choudary, 2016). Today business models have evolved into dynamic systems which allow the companies using them to explore new markets, bring about innovations and restructure their models according to the market situations. The companies conceptualise their business models based on several factors within themselves and from the extern al environment. The structures of the companies have a profound effect on the business models. The multinational companies like Apple and Vodafone keep on introducing new products and expanding their business into new markets. These companies look upon disruptive innovation, restructuring and sustainability as the essence of their business models. These companies follow business models like franschise, manufacturer, retail outlet or distributorship to operate in their markets. The working cultures of the companies decide their power to adjust to new situations and take advantage of them. Companies grapple to change their existing business models and adopt new business models. Management, communication and coordination among the various segments are important for smooth adoption of new business models. The leadership in the companies and the employee relationship have profound effect on the business models and its dynamism. For example the companies like Nestle with expertise in fields of technology, innovation, marketing mix and financing have leadership in the market (Vahlne Johanson, 2014). The global locations of these companies operate in an integrated way which enables the management to lead them through the changes. The small companies with limited resources often find it difficult to change their models and often face employee resistance (Kastalli Van Looy, 2013). The dynamic business models used by the multinational companies can be used to deal with market challenges in a more strategic way. The static business model is only based on value creation between the consumers and the company. The dynamic model looks upon businesses as blocks but does not integrate them. However, the market challenges and intense competition require a total reformation of the companies and their ways of operating. This requires restructuring of the whole company as a system to adapt to the changes. Companies which fail to adapt to the changes often threat from substitute or threat of new emerging companies. Google has a unique business model which allows the internet giant to lead the market. In fact, it can also be opined that the business model of Google has helped the company to reach a position of having almost no competitor. The business model of Google, first allows the firms and people to promote their products in return of payment. The company also provides free blogging services to bloggers without opening accounts. The search engine allows these two groups of consumers to promote their blogs and earn money. Google has emerged as the worlds largest paid online advertisement platform and encourage growth of start-ups, entrepreneurial ventures and small business. It allows these groups to advertise their products to a vast consumer base which allows them to create their own profitable market. Google provides free services to the net surfers and allows a variety of services like email communication, socialising and video sharing. The free customers provide Google with invaluable information while using the internet which it uses to develop its future business. This business model of Google provides services to the segments like bloggers and advertisers and which generates huge revenue for it. The services provided by Google are parts of the business system while the way of charging the advertisers and bloggers form the profit model (Ita mi Nishino, 2010). Companies use and develop innovative business models to expand their territories and partner with other firms. The business model of Google is not restricted to providing mail and blogging services. The company has a dynamic business model which allows it to partner with companies and expand its product line. Google joined the Alliance for Affordable Internet which allowed the company to enter into partnership with Facebook, Intel and Microsoft. The business policies. The business model of Google has inspired it to enter into joint ventures and partnerships with organisations from diverse fields. The company entered into partnership with NASA to construct office of 1 lakh square feet which would used for research on nanotechnology, distributed computing and entrepreneurial space industry. Google set up two wind farms to generate renewable forms of energy. The company have entered into acquiring companies like Youtube and Android (Osiyevskyy Dewald, 2015). Thus, the dynamic business model of Google helps it to acquire new companies and operate in a sustainable way. Business models are developed by companies and advertise their innovative power. Business models are designed to adapt to new market situations and expand new markets. A well planned business model helps a company to acquire companies to expand its product portfolio. For example, Google owns the video sharing software Youtube, the internet search engine Google Chrome and the satellite map, Google Maps. This innovative product line consisting of various softwares catering to diverse needs under one owner, Google has helped the company to be the undisputable leader in the internet services market. Thus, the business model of Google allows it to bring about innovations (Baden-Fuller Haefliger, 2013). Business models help the companies to explore and exploit their resources to bring about innovation and sustainability. The companies today lay stress on sustainable supply chain management to reduce their emission of poisonous gases and waste water. The companies invest in setting up renewable sources of energy like windmills. These policies of them benefit the society, consumers and the other stakeholders (Girotra Netessine, 2013). Thus, business models encourage the company to acquire and use resources in a sustainable ways which encourage innovation. The aim of developing a business model is to operate ina way to provide maximum consumer satisfaction and high profits. Companies also price their products according to their business models and price their products to cater to huge consumer base (Dudin et al., 2015). The firms offer innovative products in various shapes and sizes at apt prices to cater the diverse consumer needs. It can be concluded that the business models are the very essence of the companies and expressions of their business strategies. The companies make dynamic and innovative business models to take advantage of the market situations and expand their operations. Their business models also help them to create innovation in areas of marketing mix, supply chain management and sustainable operations. References: Aithal, P. S., Jeevan, P. (2016). How Service Industries can Transform themselves into Green Business Industries. Baden-Fuller, C., Haefliger, S. (2013). Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), 419-426. Chesbrough, H. (2013).Open business models: How to thrive in the new innovation landscape. Harvard Business Press. Dudin, M. N., Kucuri, G. N., Fedorova, I. J. E., Dzusova, S. S., Namitulina, A. Z. (2015). The innovative business model canvas in the system of effective budgeting. Girotra, K., Netessine, S. (2013). OM forumbusiness model innovation for sustainability.Manufacturing Service Operations Management,15(4), 537-544. Itami, H., Nishino, K. (2010). Killing two birds with one stone: profit for now and learning for the future.Long Range Planning,43(2), 364-369. Kastalli, I. V., Van Looy, B. (2013). Servitization: Disentangling the impact of service business model innovation on manufacturing firm performance.Journal of Operations Management,31(4), 169-180. Osiyevskyy, O., Dewald, J. (2015). Explorative versus exploitative business model change: the cognitive antecedents of firm?level responses to disruptive innovation.Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,9(1), 58-78. Vahlne, J. E., Johanson, J. (2014). Replacing traditional economics with behavioral assumptions in constructing the Uppsala Model: toward a theory on the evolution of the Multinational Business Enterprise (MBE). InMultidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows(pp. 159-176). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Van Alstyne, M. W., Parker, G. G., Choudary, S. P. (2016). Pipelines, platforms, and the new rules of strategy.Harvard Business Review,94(4), 54-62. Business Models and Technological Innovation Question: Discuss about the Business Models and Technological Innovation. Answer: Introduction: The current assignment deals with identifying the comparisons between the business models of Target and Wal-Mart. In addition, the significance of ratio analysis along with the important categories of ratios is evaluated from the perspective of the retail organisations. The impact of the business models on the financial performance of the above-mentioned organisations is critically reflected to develop an insight about their financial positions. Moreover, the study also analyses the cause behind changing rate of return in terms of equity, price-earnings and leverage ratios. The latter segment of the assignment sheds light on Ackmans views for modifying the financial and overall strategies of Target. Difference between the business models of Target and Wal-Mart: The Dayton Company has established Target in the year 1962 and Wal-Mart has been set up in the same year. These two organisations are the major competitors in the US retail industry in the 21st century. The major points of distinction between the business models of Target and Wal-Mart are summed up as follows: Nature of services: Target has been popular in the US retail industry for its fun, fast and friendly services to its clients. Wal-Mart, on the contrary, has been popular for its strategy of low cost services. In this context, Baden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013) stated that the small retailers often tend to follow the business models of large retailers for improving their themes of store layout to cater the needs of the customers. Prices and visual display: Wal-Mart is known for its cheaper prices of products and the stores contain large boxes with racks of products and general merchandise to meet the needs of the customers. The racks and furniture are of basic designs with the aisle space minimised to portray the sensation of low prices. In the words of Landry et al. (2013), such sensation converts the perceptions of the customers to purchase quality products at lower prices compared to the other stores in the market. Target, on the other hand, has designed its theme at the most appropriate costs, as it mainly aims to target the higher-class customers. Additionally, the fixtures and layouts of Targets are highly elaborate having broader aisles and quality concepts of lighting. In this regard, Schaltegger, Ldeke-Freund and Hansen (2012) stated that such high quality layout and visual display improves the customers shopping experience. However, it is worth mentioning that Wal-Mart has now undertaken initiatives in most of its US stores by incorporating better quality of fixtures and broader aisles to attract the high-level customers. Soft lines: As commented by Baden-Fuller and Haefliger (2013), the soft lines are the soft products involved in retail organisations like linens and clothing. Target has developed a set of designers to create brand new soft lines for its stores. Therefore, the organisation aims to improve the shopping experience of the customers by depicting the reflection of selling better quality soft goods at reasonable prices. Conversely, Wal-Mart has focused on the traditional marketing approach of providing quality soft goods at cheaper prices compared to the competitors. Importance of financial ratio analysis and the importance of some ratio categories in contrast to others: The financial ratio analysis is an important method to evaluate the financial performance of an organisation and its significance is briefly summed up as follows: Evaluation of financial statements: With the help of ratio analysis, the associated stakeholders of an organisation could determine the profitability and liquidity positions of the same (Healy and Palepu 2012). For instance, the profitability ratios like gross margin, operating margin and net margin could help the organisation to know about its profit margin and accordingly, measures could be taken to improve the same further. Judging the organisational efficiency: As commented by Delen, Kuzey and Uyar (2013), the efficiency ratios and the liquidity ratios like inventory turnover, debtors collection, creditors payment, current and quick ratios help in knowing about the operational efficiency of the management. Accordingly, Target would be able to make effective use of its assets to earn higher income. In addition, the turnover ratios would also help the organisation to know about the market demand. The other two efficiency ratios would indicate the effectiveness of the organisation in collecting and paying amounts to the debtors and creditors respectively. Improving the decision-making process of the investors: With the help of accounting ratios like return on investment and dividend payout, the external investors associated with Targets could make sound decisions based on the annual or monthly returns. Based on these ratios, the investors make decisions whether to make investments or withdraw the fund invested in the business (Brigham and Houston 2012). Comparison of financial performance: In the words of Brigham and Ehrhardt (2013), it is of prime necessity for an organisation to compare the financial position of its rivals. Hence, based on the financial ratios, Target could be able to distinguish its performance from Wal-Mart and take remedial actions, if necessary, to increase its revenue margin. Evaluation of the stability of a firm: The accounting ratio like capital gearing ratio help in evaluating the financial stability of a firm by indicating its leverage (Frank and Pamela 2016). In case, the preference share capital and other fixed interest bearing loans are higher in contrast to the equity share capital and reserves, the investors might not be willing to invest in Target and vice-versa. Figure 1: Importance of financial ratio analysis (Source: Brigham and Houston 2012) Identification and importance of the key ratio categories for the retail companies: Gross margin: With the help of gross margin, Target would be able to review its pricing strategy and evaluate the risk of overpricing or under pricing based on the cash flows. In case, the profit is low, the management of Target could reduce its cost of sales, increase the sales value and minimise damages. In the words of Vernimmen et al. (2014), the retail organisations mainly aim to achieve 50% gross margin at the end of each accounting year. Inventory turnover: The management of Target needs to consider this ratio, since it helps in knowing the selling and replenishment of stocks. In this context, Weil, Schipper and Francis (2013) cited that higher rate of turnover reflects the introduction of new merchandise, while a lower turnover indicated the capital congested in stocks. In the latter case, Target needs to release its inventory at lower cost to avoid any potential loss. Liquidity ratios: With the help of liquidity ratios, Target could gauge the ability of its stores to write off the short-term debts and obligations. According to Edwards (2013), the benchmark for current ratio is 2 and that of the quick ratio is 1 for the retail industry. However, Richard and David (2016) argued that the retailers often consider the quick ratio as the best measure, since it subtracts inventories from current assets to indicate the firms ability of raising cash for meeting debt obligations. Return on assets and gearing ratio: The return on assets is considered as another important ratio, which portrays the growth rate of the retail operations (Horngren et al. 2012). The retailers like Target always prefer to have higher ratio to maximise the amount of revenues. The creditors consider the gearing ratio to compare the investments with the funded business portion. Thus, Target needs to maintain a lower gearing ratio to ensure increase in funds from the creditors. Reflection of business model differences on the financial performance of Target and Wal-Mart: According to the financial report of Target, the sales of the organisation have increased at almost a fixed rate from $26,296 in 1999 to $62,884 in 2008. This depicts that the organisation has managed to increase its customer base through improving its store layouts and the nature of services. However, Wal-Mart has also experienced wide increase in its revenues from S153,345 in 1999 to $401,244 in 2008. In this case, Wal-Mart has been enjoying competitive advantage over Target due to its low cost products to attract all categories of customers. According to the gross margin value, Wal-Mart has been enjoying competitive advantage over Target. This is because of high quality products at cheaper prices to attract all types of customers. However, both the organisations have performed quite above the industrial benchmark of 50%. The degree of financial leverage for Target has been 0.96 in 2008 compared to 0.61 of Wal-Mart. This depicts that Target has relied highly on debt financing, which has increased the debt payments of the organisation. In addition, the inventory turnover of Wal-Mart has been greater, which is due to the selling of goods at low prices to the mass market. However, the liquidity position of Target has been quite higher in contrast to Wal-Mart. The possible reason is the increased amount of retained earnings and less investment on capital projects. This implies that the company has been efficient in discharging its existing liabilities with the cash generated. This has been further supported by the dividend payout, which is high for Wal-Mart over the years 2006-2008. The debt-to-equity ratio has been significantly high for Target, which reveals that the company is inefficient to acquire funds through issuance of equity shares. The credit policy of Wal-Mart has been stringent, as the company is not extending the amount to be received from the debtors for accumulating higher working capital. This is because Wal-Mart has been making payments to its creditors within short span of time in comparisons to that of Target. Thus, these above-mentioned ratios are the key metrics, which have helped in ascertaining the financial performance of Target and Wal-Mart. Reasons behind the different rates of return on equity, leverage and P/E ratios from the perspective of some retailers: The rate of return on equity is largely dependent two components, which include net margin and the asset turnover. For instance, if the sales of an organisation increase, the return on equity also increases, since each sale generates higher money for the organisation (Hotchkiss, Strmberg and Smith 2014). In addition, if any retailer generates greater sales from the assets owned, it increases the return on equity. Thus, the product sales and turnover from assets are the major determinants, which lead to differential rate of return on equity for the retailers. Some retailers deliberately increase the financial leverage to acquire funds through debt financing in relation to the equity shares. Thus, higher amount of debt in the capital structure of the organisation might result in higher price/earnings ratio and equity returns (Ptri, Karell and Luukka 2016). Justification of Ackmans demand for changes in compliance with Targets strategy and its financial record: According to the provide case, Ackman has hold a substantial portion of the shares of Target and initially, the person was highly satisfied with the financial performance of the organisation. However, the person has demanded to be appointed as a board member of Target. The management of the organisation has declined the negotiation immediately. Hence, this shows that the person has self-interest in the organisation to accomplish his personable goals and objectives. It is quite justified on the part of Ackman to change the board of directors of Target, as no direct possesses the relevant CEO experience. However, it is to be borne in mind that Ackman has been quite satisfied with the management before putting forward the proposal of becoming a board member. Thus, this demand for change might not be aligned to suit the needs of the associated stakeholders. Ackman has also suggested to increase the business reach outside USA to match with the revenues of its major competitor, Wal-Mart. In addition, the proposed nominees of the person do not have any sort of relationship with Ackman, which challenges the personal conflict issue. Furthermore, one of the former board members of Target has extended support to the proposed changes, as they will result in creation of long-term values fore the shareholders. However, most of the external analysts have supported the management of Target by stating that the investors are highly satisfied with the organisational performance. This is because the earnings from each share of the organisation have increased from 1999 to 2007; however, it has fallen marginally in the year 2008. In addition, the management of Target has been effective to maintain its liquidity position despite the lower turnover from inventory and delayed payments from debtors. Despite positive effects of Ackmans changes, the demand for changes has aroused because Ackman has been denied to be appointed as a director within the organisation. Hence, despite the increase in financial leverage and fall in the annual sales growth, it has yielded adequate returns to the investors. Thus, Ackmans demand for changes is not justified to match the organisational strategies and financial record of accomplishment. Decision of the investor regarding whether to choose Targets current board or Ackmans proposed slate: In compliance with the brave discussion, it is feasible for the investors to stay with the current board of Target. This is because Target has provided the opportunity to Ackman to express his views to the shareholders possessing the voting rights and most of the shareholders have turned up for the organisation. In addition, the changes proposed on the part of Ackman would barely result in long-term benefits to the shareholders. In addition, Target has increased its dividend payout to the shareholders over the years, which also signifies the management efficiency in running biasness operations. Hence, from the perspective of an investor, it is better to select the existing Target board instead of choosing the proposed slate of Packman. Steps needed on the part of the Target Board to avoid public conflict with Ackman: In order to avoid such conflict, the Target Board could have increased the remuneration of Ackman, as the maximum amount of investment is drawn from the person itself. However, Callen (2015) argued that increasing the remuneration of a specific shareholder might result in discontentment amongst the other stockholders. In addition, Target could issue bonus shares to Ackman through which greater benefits could be realised. With the help of such strategies, Target might have been able to avoid such conflicting interest and maintain effective relationship with the largest shareholder of the organisation. Probable impact of Ackmans recommendations on the financial performance of Target: According to the provided scenario, a substantial portion of the derivative securities of Perishing Square is with Target, which would perish within two years. Hence, this type of investment would help in boosting the stock performance of Target in the short-run; however, the value is nominal in relation to long-term shareholder value. As a result, the return on equity might be reduced largely along with fall in the dividend payout ratio. In addition, the company might suffer from poor liquidity position, as the creditors might not be willing to extend its payment period due to the possible fall in share prices. Conclusion: According to the above discussion, the business model of Target is to attract the high-income individuals by selling products at affordable prices. On the other hand, Wal-Mart has been providing high quality products at lower cost to attract all types of customers. In addition, it has been found that ratio analysis is an important financial tool to evaluate the financial performance of an organisation and help the investors to make sound decision-making. After comparing the financial performance of Wal-Mart and Target, the former has been enjoying competitive advantage due to its expansion in the global markets. Furthermore, from the given case, it has been found that Ackmans proposed changes are not effective in improving the financial performance of Target from the ethical perspective. In order to avoid such conflict, the organisation might have increased the remuneration ad issued bonus shares to Ackman. Lastly, it has been evaluated if such the changes were implemented, it might result in loss of shareholder value of Target. References and Bibliographies Baden-Fuller, C. and Haefliger, S., 2013. Business models and technological innovation.Long range planning,46(6), pp.419-426. Landry, R., Amara, N., Cloutier, J.S. and Halilem, N., 2013. Technology transfer organizations: Services and business models.Technovation,33(12), pp.431-449. Schaltegger, S., Ldeke-Freund, F. and Hansen, E.G., 2012. Business cases for sustainability: the role of business model innovation for corporate sustainability.International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development,6(2), pp.95-119. Healy, P.M. and Palepu, K.G., 2012.Business Analysis Valuation: Using Financial Statements. Cengage Learning. Delen, D., Kuzey, C. and Uyar, A., 2013. Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. and Ehrhardt, M.C., 2013.Financial management: Theory practice. Cengage Learning. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Frank, J.F. and Pamela, P.P., 2016. Financial Management and Analysis. Hotchkiss, E.S., Strmberg, P. and Smith, D.C., 2014, March. Private equity and the resolution of financial distress. InAFA 2012 Chicago Meetings Paper. Ptri, E.J., Karell, V. and Luukka, P., 2016. Can size-, industry-, and leverage-adjustment of valuation ratios benefit the value investor?.International Journal of Business Innovation and Research,11(1), pp.76-109. Vernimmen, P., Quiry, P., Dallocchio, M., Le Fur, Y. and Salvi, A., 2014. Corporate finance: theory and practice. John Wiley Sons. Weil, R.L., Schipper, K. and Francis, J., 2013.Financial accounting: an introduction to concepts, methods and uses. Cengage Learning. Edwards, J.R., 2013.A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting)(Vol. 29). Routledge. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012. Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Richard, L. and David, P., 2016. Advanced financial accounting. Callen, J.L., 2015. A selective critical review of financial accounting research.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,26, pp.157-167. Warren, C.S., Reeve, J.M. and Duchac, J., 2013.Corporate financial accounting. Cengage Learning. ONeill, P., Sohal, A. and Teng, C.W., 2016. Quality management approaches and their impact on firmsÃâ€" ³ financial performanceAn Australian study.International Journal of Production Economics,171, pp.381-393. Parker, L.D., 2012. Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,23(1), pp.54-70.

Sherry Walling Interview - On Productivity and Mental Health in the Business World

Hi everyone, our WordCamp Europe interview series continues! Back in June, we recorded a few interviews with WordPress enthusiasts, including  Sherry Walling. While its been a little while since WordCamp Europe,  Sherry has some great tips on how to stay away from distractions and be productive at work that make her interview worth the wait.This interview is part of our  #WCEU Series  of interviews, which can be found in the  Pirate Interviews category  on our blog, along with many other talks weve had with interesting people. Last month, it was Alex Denning who shared his insights on marketing and content.Now, lets get back to the Sherry Walling interview!  Ã°Å¸â„¢â€šSherry owns ZenFounder, a consulting company that provides business people with professional advice on how to live a balanced, healthy life and cope with difficult situations. Beyond that, she also hosts a free Zenfounder podcast  (it just reached 200 episodes) and is the author of a book for entrepreneu rs called The Entrepreneurs Guide to Keeping Your Sh*t Together.At WordCamp Europe 2018 in Belgrade, she organized a workshop which was so successful that the room was absolutely packed (it was fully booked shortly after the announcement went live).Since our team was not so fortunate as to get in (except Ionut!), we used the ace in our collective sleeves and scheduled an interview with Sherry, thanks to our privilege of being  Media Partners at the event. 🙂As with our other WordCamp Europe interviews, you can either watch the video interview in the embedded tweet to the right. Or, you can keep reading below for a text transcription. If you opt to watch the video, make sure you open the full Twitter thread to see all of the questions.Heres our fourth #WCEU interview with Dr. Sherry Walling @zenfounder.Question 1: Youre a PhD, psychologist, podcast and author. How did you get involved with WordPress? pic.twitter.com/H2Jq5NiMln ThemeIsle (@ThemeIsle) June 18, 2018 You have a Ph.D.  in psychology, youre a podcaster and author. How did you get involved with WordPress?Sherry Walling:Yes, I have a Ph.D. in clinical psychology and I host a podcast called ZenFounder. Well, for many many years Ive been in the technology world in a startup world where, of course, theres a lot of interaction with WordPress since you all run like most of the internet. So for the last several years, Ive been attending CaboPress and a couple of different WordCamps and talking about mental health in these communities.I think theres a lot of overlap between the kind of entrepreneurs that I spend most of my time with and the people that are in the WordPress space. So I dont code, I dont design, but I do know my way around my own websites and mostly Im here to help support the people who run WordPress.How would you describe the WordPress community?Sherry Walling:I have a number of friends and its a community that I care deeply about and am pretty connected to. The worldwide, the E U WordPress community is committed.You had a workshop on mental health and productive life at WCEU (June 2018), can you share some insights with us?Sherry Walling:So in the workshop, we talked about a lot of strategies for managing stress and anxiety and burnout, things that I think are very common among technology folks and especially common among freelancers and people who are running their own businesses.We did some deep breathing exercises and I taught people how to reverse the physiological anxiety response by slowing down their breathing and then we also did some stretching and some basic movement in the body to help the body calm down and offset some of the challenges of sitting all day. We talked about things like sleep, journaling, basic strategies that sound really simple but really important to maintaining a healthy mental perspective, healthy relationships, a healthy body and, of course, a healthy  work life.If your brain is not well or if youre under a lot of stress a nd not functioning or not handling that stress well, then youre not able to be a productive contributor, youre not able to be part of a community, youre not able to do your best work.How do you manage to stay productive during the day?Sherry Walling:I think what productivity looks like is different for everyone so I would never say that my model of doing it is the best model, its just the way that Ive come to for my own self, that works for me. But I tend to get up pretty early and start my day with exercise with a long run or weight-lifting or yoga and Im pretty consistent with that, six days a week usually. I find thats a really important way for me to wake up and take care of my body and then after that Im spending time with my family.I have three children, I have a business, I wrote a book Im busy. I have a lot of things that are important to me, that I try to put in my life, and one of the ways that I try to do that is really carving out time to do one thing at a time. Not bo uncing back, not trying to respond email and talk to my children and make a meal, all at the same time, but deciding that this is the one hour that I have for email or Facebook or Twitter right now this is my media communication time and the only hour that Im going to spend doing that.So that kind of scheduling, organization, and also the decision to do one thing at a time is really helpful for productivity, but its also helpful for mental health because we tend to overuse our brain when we bounce back and forth between lots of different things.So, if I could summarize my personal productivity strategy its one thing at a time and be completely focused on the one thing.How do you define being successful?Sherry Walling:I think success is a combination of a personal experience of joy as well as the ability to make a meaningful contribution in other peoples lives. So its both something thats internal and something that you are extending or sharing with the people around you. Sherry Wal ling (@zenfounder) #interviewed at ThemeIsle - on #productivity and mental health Click To Tweet That wraps up our Sherry Walling interview. If you have any questions for her, please leave them in the comments section. Also, if you have any suggestions for who we should talk to next, feel free to give us some names, too!Free guide5 Essential Tips to Speed Up Your WordPress SiteReduce your loading time by even 50-80% just by following simple tips.

BPL vs. DLL in Delphi Programming Applications

BPL vs. DLL in Delphi Programming Applications When we write and compile a Delphi application, we typically generate an executable file - a standalone Windows application. Unlike Visual Basic, for example, Delphi produces applications wrapped in compact exe files, with no need for bulky runtime libraries (DLLs). Try this: start Delphi and compile that default project with one blank form, this will produce an executable file of about 385 KB (Delphi 2006). Now go to Project - Options - Packages and check the Build with runtime packages check box. Compile and run. Voila, the exe size is now around 18 KB. By default the Build with runtime packages is unchecked and every time we make a Delphi application, the compiler links all the code your application requires to run directly into your applications executable file. Your application is a standalone program and doesnt require any supporting files (like DLLs) - thats why Delphi exes are so big. One way of creating smaller Delphi programs is to take advantage of Borland package libraries or BPLs in short. Whats a Package? special dynamic-link library used by Delphi applications Packages enable us to place portions of our application into separate modules that can be shared across multiple applications. Packages, also, provide a means of installing (custom) components into Delphis VCL pallete. Therefore, basically two types of packages can be made by Delphi: Run-time packages - provide functionality when a user runs an application - they operate much like standard DLLs. Design-time packages - used to install components in the Delphi IDE and to create special property editors for custom components. Design packages From this point this article will deal with run-time packages and how they can help Delphi programmer. One wrong mit: you are not required to be a Delphi component developer to take advantage of packages. Beginner Delphi programmers should try working with packages - theyll get better understanding of how packages and Delphi work. When and when Not ot Use Packages DLLs are most commonly used as collections of procedures and functions that other programs can call. Besides writing DLLs with custom routines, we can place a complete Delphi form in a DLL (for example an AboutBox form). Another common technique is to store nothing but resources in DLLs. More information on how Delphi operates with DLLs find in this article: DLLs and Delphi. Before going on to comparison between DLLs and BPLs we have to understand two ways of linking code in an executable: static and dynamic linking. Static linking means that when a Delphi project is compiled, all the code that your application requires is directly linked into your applications executable file. The resulting exe file contains all the code from all the units that are involved in a project. Too much code, you might say. By default, uses clause for a new form unit list more than 5 units (Windows, Messages, SysUtils, ...). However, the Delphi linker is smart enough to link only the minimum of code in the units actually used by a project. With static linking our application is a standalone program and doesnt require any supporting packages or DLLs (forget BDE and ActiveX components for now). In Delphi, static linking is the default. Dynamic linking is like working with standard DLLs. That is, dynamic linking provides functionality to multiple applications without binding the code directly to each application - any required packages are loaded at runtime. The greatest thing about dynamic linking is that loading of packages by your application is automatic. You dont have to write code to load the packages neither you have to change your code. Simply check the Build with runtime packages check box found on the Project | Options dialog box. The next time you build your application, your projects code will be linked dynamically to runtime packages rather than having units linked statically into your executable file.

Marketin Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketin Paper - Essay Example The example given is rational and very sound since the connection is mostly sought on an emotional level more than anything else. The marketing touch should be through feelings and emotions rather than on the financial side. This is true because marketing employs a number of significant associations with the heart and the mind which make it a very decisive proposition. â€Å"Marketing has been described in many different ways, shapes, and forms. Many who are involved with marketing describe it similar to the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, services, organizations, and will satisfy individual and organizational objectives.† I opine that this definition is more apt and cohesive from all sides. (Boone & Kurtz, 1998) This has looked at defining marketing as a complete 360 degree approach rather than sending messages between the company and the end consumers every now and then. The relation is thus more complete than is imagined by the earlier definitions provided for marketing. I believe that marketing employs a number of practices which are regarded as its sub-fields namely advertising, sales promotion activities, personal selling, public relations (or publicity) and direct mailing to name a few. With the passage of time, the definition of marketing has changed as it has included a pre-manufacture tilt to its basis with regards to a product and/or service. Selling gets differentiated from marketing in the fact that selling is only done when a product is made available on the shelf within a retail outlet while marketing starts even when there is an idea or concept of the related product and thus the whole game starts as a result of this hype within the relevant audiences. (Armstrong & Kotler,